When one person in a group does something bad, is it fair to punish the individual or the group? It turns out, your answer to that question probably depends on your age. When it comes to punishments and rewards, a recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan found that younger children are more likely to believe that the entire group should face the consequences of an individual’s actions. Older children and adults, meanwhile, tend to believe the individual alone should receive punishments and rewards for their actions.
According to the study, published in the journal Developmental Psychology, 4- to 5-year-olds are the most likely to think discipline should be doled out to the whole group. And that belief declines as children age. “A teacher who rewards or punishes a whole class for the good deed or misdeed of just one student is more likely to be seen as fair by 4- to 5-year-olds but as less fair by older children,” says researcher Craig Smith. “Likewise, the data suggest that most older children and adults will feel that the common practice of punishing everyone for the misdeed of one or a few is unfair.” But 4- to 5-year-olds didn’t just want to dole out punishment. They also overwhelmingly said that rewards should be shared by the entire group. Researchers believe that the younger children’s belief in the fairness of shared rewards and discipline may have been inspired by compassion and a reluctance to single anyone out.
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Some of the most capable, intelligent, hardworking people you know might be suffering from a debilitating phenomenon—a distortion of thinking that makes them believe they're actually incompetent, unintelligent, and lazy. They're convinced they're faking their way through their accomplishments, and one day, they'll be found out—exposed as the frauds they believe themselves to be.
It's called imposter syndrome. Those who struggle with it "maintain a strong belief that they are not intelligent; in fact they are convinced that they have fooled anyone who thinks otherwise,” as it was first described in a 1978 study by psychologists Pauline Rose Clance and Suzanne Imes that focused on high-achieving women. WHAT ARE ITS SYMPTOMS? In the nearly 40 years since the syndrome was first identified, it has persisted in many successful people in a range of fields. (Maya Angelou: "I have written 11 books, but each time I think, ‘Uh oh, they’re going to find out now. I’ve run a game on everybody, and they’re going to find me out.'") The most common symptoms are negative self-talk; a need to constantly check and re-check work; shying away from attention in the workplace; and forms of overcompensation like staying late at work or not setting appropriate boundaries around workload. Internally, people struggling with the syndrome experience persistent feelings of self-doubt and fear being found out as phony. They over-internalize and blame themselves for failures, even when other factors played a role. “Those struggling with imposter syndrome also tend to attribute success to luck rather than merit and hard work, and also generally tend to minimize success," Joseph Cilona, a Manhattan psychologist, tells mental_floss. From the beginning, imposter syndrome has been primarily associated with women. “We’re still living in a culture which displays varying degrees of misogynistic attitudes, and those attitudes are definitely displayed in the workplace,” says Katherine Schafler, a private psychotherapist in New York City. “When women internalize these attitudes, it dents their professional self-esteem and widens the gap that imposter syndrome slips right through.” But misogyny isn't the only cultural factor at play, and women aren't the only people affected; many men are too. Cilona says the “obsession with success, achievement, money, and celebrity that pervades American culture” likely exacerbates imposter syndrome. “When these kinds of values are glamorized and exalted, the importance of having—or not having—them can really be intensified,” he notes. WHAT CAN YOU DO ABOUT IT? Naturally, therapy is recommended for people who really struggle with the syndrome and fear it is holding them back. Cilona recommends cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which focuses on “identifying and correcting faulty thinking and belief patterns like identifying negative thoughts and reality-checking beliefs.” Schafler also recommends talking with trusted friends or professional colleagues. “If you can find a mentor in your field who understands the unique demands of your job, that might be even better," she says. "Imposter syndrome thrives on isolation.” Finding the right workplace culture is also key, notes Schafler, who works with many high-performing professionals employed by what she calls “some of the most competitive, top-tier companies in the nation." (She also works for Google once a week.) The professional timbre of a place can either feed into, or help assuage, imposter syndrome, she says: “Any culture that doesn’t normalize the anxiety and identity challenges of beginning a new career or working in a high-pressure job will be a breeding ground for imposter syndrome." As tens of thousands of people die from opioid painkillers and heroin each year in what's been called an epidemic, some officials are looking for innovative ways to quickly stop the rising spate of deaths.In the past week, progressive icon Sen. Elizabeth Warren set her sights on one of those ideas: medical marijuana. Click link below to continue reading.
http://goo.gl/wjdxNL The human mind is an awesome machine, so complex and misunderstood. Our mind works in ways beyond our own imagination, seeing or interpreting things in one way when it is entirely something different . The link below is 28 visual tricks that you won't believe. Scroll through them and be amazed. http://goo.gl/M27b57 Have a good day.--Keith
Normally when someone says they have an ant problem, they mean ants have infested their home, not their head. The latter is actually true in the case of Shreya Darji, 12.
Hundreds of ants continue to live inside the girl’s head, with about a dozen or so emerging from her ears every day, according to the Toronto Sun. The Deesa, Gujarat girl complained of ear pain last August, and doctors discovered she had a colony inside her head. They have repeatedly pulled the creatures, dead and alive, from her ears, but the ants continue to reproduce and occupy their space in Darji’s head. Doctors have tried flushing her ears with antiseptic to drown the ants, and have tried several times to locate and kill the queen ant with laparoscopic cameras. Darji has even seen witch doctors, but nothing seems to help — the ants keep reproducing, the Sun reported. “The girl’s case is very challenging for me, as I have never seen such a case, nor found it in medical history,” Dr. Jawahar Talsania told the Times of India. “The big ants must be biting her, but the girl did not feel pain inside her ears. Besides, there was no damage inside her ear.” Darji is currently under video surveillance in an Ahmedabad medical unit. |
AuthorKeith Kelly currently lives in Rio Rancho New Mexico. Archives
October 2020
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